Studies of the alkaloid concentration in Mitragyna Speciosa (kratom leaf) have also begun to reveal the individual effects achieved when taking different strains of kratom. Although all strains are indeed kratom, each one has a unique indole set which accounts for the different medicinal effects individuals are reporting, found between the types.  Little is known about the numerous indoles in kratom because all of the attention has been focused on mitragynine. Expect to see studies in the future regarding the many attributes of the plant which will explain why one strain is the best for one person and yet different for another. 

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Ajmalicine (Raubasine): Cerebrocirculant, antiaggregant, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-1), sedative, anticonvulsant, smooth muscle relaxer. Also found in Rauwolfia serpentina.

Akuammigine

Ciliaphylline: antitussive, analgesic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynantheidine: μ -opioid antagonist, also found in Yohimbe. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynoxeine: Calcium channel blocker. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Corynoxine A and B: Dopamine mediating anti-locomotives. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Epicatechin: Antioxidant, antiaggregant, antibacterial, antidiabetic,
antihepatitic, anti-inflammatory, anti-leukemic, antimutagenic, antiperoxidant,
antiviral, potential cancer preventative, alpha-amylase inhibitor. Also found in dark chocolate.

9-Hydroxycorynantheidine: Partial opioid agonist

7-hydroxymitragynine: Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal; primary
psychoactive in Kratom, Roughly 2% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isomitraphylline: Immunostimulant, anti-leukemic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isomitrafoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isopteropodine: Immunostimulant

Isorhynchophylline: Immunostimulant. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Isospeciofoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitraciliatine: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitragynine: Indole alkaloid. Analgesic, antitussive, antidiarrheal, adrenergic, antimalarial,
possible psychedelic (5-HT2A) antagonist. Roughly 66% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitragynine oxindole B. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitrafoline: < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Mitraphylline: Oxindole alkaloid. Vasodilator, antihypertensive, muscle relaxer, diuretic, antiamnesic, anti-leukemic, possible immunostimulant. <1% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

Mitraversine

Paynantheine: Indole alkaloid. Smooth muscle relaxer. 8.6% to 9% of total alkaloid contents in Kratom leaf.

Rhynchophylline: Vasodilator, antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker,
antiaggregant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-arrhythmic, antithelmintic. < 1% of total alkaloid content found in Kratom leaf.

Speciociliatine: Weak opioid agonist. 0.8% to 1% of total alkaloid content of Kratom leaf, unique to Kratom.

Speciofoline

Speciogynine: Smooth muscle relaxer. 6.6% to 7% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

Speciophylline: Indole alkaloid. Anti-leukemic. <1% of total alkaloid contents of Kratom leaf.

Stipulatine

Tetrahydroalstonine: Hypoglycemic, anti-adrenergic (at alpha-2)

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 The alkaloid in Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa, varies in content based upon times of harvest, geographical location,  Kratom alkaloid content varies quantitatively from geographical location, and from month to month changes as the plant matures. The percentage of mitragyna speciosa ranges from an average of .5 to 2.5 in most plants harvested. Where it is grown, the seasons weather, and maturity all affect the ultimate composition of the plant known as kratom.

Thirty samples of kratom leaf was gathered from Malaysia, Thailand, and Papua New Guinea, all of which contained mitragynine, but with varying percentages of this active ingredient. In Thailand, within the Red, Green, and White veined plants, the most common alkaloidal profile was mitragynine speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, traces of ajmalicine, traces of (C9) methoxy-oxindoles, and traces of other indoles.

Although the plants of Thailand have specific alkaloidal profiles, some of the strains had many other alkaloids as well. The specimens in Malay contained a specific profile of mitragynine, speciofoline, oxindoles, and other indoles. Some contain mitragynine, ajmalicine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, traces of indoles, and methoxy-oxindoles (C9).

Specimens from Papua New Guinea had an alkaloidal profile containing mitragynine, speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine, specionoxieine, and insospecionoxeine.

Prior to late in the 1990’s the focus in studies of kratom was devoted to mitragynine because they believed it to be the primary and possibly the only active alkaloid.  7-hydroxymitragynine was later identified out of this active alkaloid. 7-hydroxymitragynine is a psychoactive alkaloid which is responsible for the energy and stimulative side of the indole.

In plant samples from Malay and Thailand, mitragynine was the most plentiful alkaloid, however, there was a vast difference from each areas plants in total content. The sample from Thailand was made of 66% of total overall alkaloids while only 12% was found in the sample from Malay. So what is making each plant so effective and often specifically preferred by individuals?  It has to be concluded that the unique alkaloid profile and indole set unique to each area, influences the overall psychoactive effects and not mitragynine alone. Both Thailand and Malaysia’s plants contained the alkaloids mitragynine to be expected, but also contained speciogynine, speciociliatine, paynantheine and the now acknowledged 7-hydroxymitragynine. The Malaysian samples contained mitragynaline and pinoresinol as their major indole, also containing asmitralactonal, mitrasulgynine, and 3,4,5,6-tetradehydromitragynine.

In the youngest leaves, researchers also found 4 new types of indole alkaloids;  corynantheidaline, corynantheidalinic acid, mitragynaline, and mitragynalinic acid. These new alkaloids were found to have a different and unusual skeleton and a carbon function at the C14 position. Debate followed in the comparison to what was previously known as monoterpenoid indoles with the new discovery with a carbon function at the C14 position later concluding there was actually no substitution on this C14 position.

These newly discovered indoles, corynantheidaline, corynantheidalinic acid, mitragynaline, and mitragynalinic acid, having an unusual skeleton with a carbon function at the C14 position has called for further studies to investigate the activity of these indoles and what effects they are contributing to the overall kratom psychoactive benefits. The individual indoles can help specify the potential and activity which will explain why each plant may be preferred over another in comparison.

Mitragyna speciosa kratom is known for it’s opioid-like makeup. Makeup that although it fills the opioid receptors, is clearly not an opiate. The plant having two-sides so to speak, can be pain-killing, narcotic, energetic, and a mild stimulant. Studies to examine the underlying secondary indoles found in mitragyna speciosa kratom, although small in comparison to mitragyna, play an appreciable part in the general pharmacology and synergetic role and the experienced activity in the overall effects of kratom. Even though kratom has been used for literally thousands of years, research is just in its infancy stage, so expect many discoveries regarding these indoles unique to all strains to come forward in research.